Mary Shelleys Novel Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts...

Both Mary Shelleys 1818 novel Frankenstein and the Ridley Scotts 1982 movie Blade Runner depict a bleak future about the fallen dreams of science. Blade Runner is based on a novel called Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep by Philip K. Dick. Although Frankenstein was written a century and a half before Dicks book, the two stories share a similar dystopic vision of humanitys future. They also use similarly structured storytelling to explain the impetus towards self-mastery and mastery over the universe. Shelley depicts a doctor and mad scientist who creates a modern Prometheus, referring to the Greek Titan who steals fire from the gods in order to bestow the gift to humanity. The symbolism of Shelleys subtitle modern Prometheus sets the stage for the novels thematic development. Frankensteins monster commits acts of sacrifice just as the Titan does in Greek mythology. Like Prometheus, Frankensteins creation becomes a thorn in the side of the creator. The creator punishes the creation by completely isolating him from humanity, causing tremendous suffering due to social isolation. Shelleys theme is replicated again and again in science fiction literature, taking various forms as a story of a creator abandoning his or her creation. Blade Runner is one of those science fiction stories that draws from Frankensteins message of the poignant existential suffering that comes from being alienated socially and spiritually. In Blade Runner, a corporation plays the role

Do You Suffer From Nomophobia Or Cell Phone Vibration...

Do you suffer from nomophobia or cell phone vibration syndrome? In other words do you fear being without your phone or missing a text? If so you are not alone. â€Å"46% of smartphone owners say their smartphone is something they couldn’t live without† (Anderson). Americans say that they are dependent on their phones because it is their access point to the Internet. This number keeps increasing because of technological advancements. According to Jacob Davidson in the article â€Å"Here’s How Many Internet Users There Are†, it states that there are around 3 billion people accessing the Internet (Davidson). The Internet is something that everyone feels they need in their everyday life. It is our main source of information. If there is a question asked, most people will say â€Å"google it† to find out the answer. The Internet is a good thing that can provide instant answers, but when it’s use is combined with social apps and texting, c ell phone addiction can occur. The Washington Post states that â€Å"Teens are spending more than one-third of their days using media such as online video or music — nearly nine hours on average†(Tsukayama). Many teens spend their time on social apps such as Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. These are the some of the most frequently used apps that can be found on nearly all teenager’s cellular devices. A majority of teens use these apps combined with texting and the occasional phone call to communicate. â€Å"71% of teens use more than one social network

The Rights And Effectiveness Of Drugs - 1597 Words

Abstract This paper will explore The Kefauver–Harris bill that which ensured prescription drug manufacturers to provide proof of the security and effectiveness of drugs before administering them to consumers. The background information used in this paper comes directly from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website as well as from The New England Journal of Medicine to give an in-depth view on how the amendment was established. The focus will be primarily on the effect of law, the criticism, support and opposition received as a result of the law’s ratification. Additionally, further discussion into the Kefauver-Harris Amendment from a Christian worldview. The Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment Act’s Effect and How a Christian Health Administrator Would Implement This Law Isaiah 41:10 states, â€Å"do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand† (NIV). Of personal belief, God created us in his own image, and calls us to do genuine work with given skills and talents to fulfill the work he assigned us to do. The Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment Act of 1962 took a while to pass, but with the compelling results found from the role of thalidomide and the riddles of unfortunate results, the law ultimately conquered all necessary outcomes. An overview of the law, a Christian worldview of the law, and provisions transpired in the process and as a result of the law, willShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Overcoming Addiction1529 Words   |  7 Pagesfight is often lost. However, many people are turning to hypnotherapy in their fight against the rigors of drug addiction. That s right: they are literally getting hypnotized to stop using drugs. This might sound like a far fetched scenario from a silly B-movie, but it is actually a proven and scientific way to beat addiction. 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Gertrude Stein and Cubist Poetry Essay Example For Students

Gertrude Stein and Cubist Poetry Essay Pamela Hades does not find Gertrude Steins work incomprehensible like so many others. Hades sees an unconventional coded style of writing in Tender Buttons using: rods, biographical elements that especially deal with her personal relationships, and universal themes of difference to drive meaning in her writing. Pamela Hades shows the innovation and unique usage of Steins language. In an interview with Robert Has in 1946 Stein claims that she became interested in individual words (as oppose to paragraphs or sentences), l took individual words and thought about them until I got their weight and volume complete and put them next to one another word, and at this same time I found out very soon that there is no such thing as putting them together without sense. It is impossible to put them together without sense. I made innumerable efforts to make words write without sense and found it impossible. Hades 58-59) The sounds of words, the multiple meaning of words, and other modernist views on word usage drive this undeniable meaning behind Gertrude Steins writing. Pamela Hades brings meaning to these words in a way that we can understand as one defined thing. I argue that the abstraction in Gertrude Steins writing is layered with meaning that we view like a painting and let the work lend itself to more than one definition. Through the manipulation of words Gertrude St ein creates cubist writing that is multidimensional. Pamela Hades flattens the magnitude of Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons. I believe that Hades article brings biographical elements that lend themselves to a stricter meaning of Gertrude Steins work. Many writers draw from their own lives when writing but I believe Steins true purpose is to create something new, innovative, and abstract. Hades defines Tender Buttons as: a story of how one lives with perceptions of change and differences of all sorts, from the unreliable meanings of language to those psychological differences between men and women, past and future, brother ND sisters, and signs of life among them. All these differences are reflected in the inhabiting perceptions that Stein bring to the objects, food, and rooms that constitute her most private life (Hades 61). Tender Buttons is not strictly Gertrude Steins private life but rather lifes universal simplicity, order, or lack thereof. I believe that Gertrude Steins work in Tender Buttons uses elements from art to build up her writing in a four dimensional world filled with imagery, sound, repetition, shapes, and color. Her words are like brush strokes and placed particularly to structure her ententes and paragraphs creating a style that is not strictly prose, or poetry, or essay. Therefore it cannot be confined to a traditional two dimensional approach to writing words on worlds with words word w. Around the time Gertrude Stein wrote Tender Buttons she was experiencing an emotionally driven relationship shift. Stein was very close with her brother and he ends up moving out of their house because Gertrude Stein had found the love of her life in a woman named, Alice B. Toasts. Leo Stein, Gertrude Steins brother, was very close to his sister growing up but was uncomfortable with his sisters open sexuality. Pamela Hades uses this biographical information to argue a good deal of the meaning behind Steins words and themes in Tender Buttons. The following exert from Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons is analyzed by Pamela Hades from a biographical stand point. Hades believes that this passage is about Steins personal relationships while I argue that this passage lends its meaning more to the human understanding of space and time and not Gertrude Steins struggles to balance her relationship with her brother and her lover, Alice Toasts. Pamela Hades writes: For Gertrude Stein the permanent relationship with Alice could be seen as restitution for the loss of Leo. In addition, the writing of Tender Buttons itself seems intended to fill a real or at least potential vacancy. Thus, A large box is handily made of what is necessary to replace any substance A custom which is necessary when a box is used and taken is that a large part of the time there are three which have different connections(Hades 66). I disagree with Hades that the use of three refers to Gertrude Stein, Leo Stein, and Alice. I find this to be an analysis of relationships in the universe as a whole. An article entitled, There is no there here: Gertrude Stein and Quantum Physics an article written by Jan D Creakiness supports my argument that Stein is writing about space and time. The article says that Steins writing shares a reinterpretation of physical reality that is strikingly similar to the way quantum physics interprets reality. Both Gertrude Stein and the study of quantum physics analyze life on a macroscopic level realizing the unavoidable structure of space and time commenting on the relationships that atoms and molecules have. How do the poets express their different attitudes towards love in their poems EssayThese small facets are like Steins macroscopic awareness of words for the objects she works with. Cubist art uses abstract techniques Just like Gertrude Stein giving her writing greater dimension. Jamie Wilder writes an article entitled After all one must know more than one sees and one does not see a cube in its entirety: Gertrude Stein and Picasso and Cubism that supports my argument in Gertrude Steins connection with Pablo Picasso which drove her writing to utilize cubist philosophy. Jamie Wilder writes: In 1938, Gertrude Stein published Picasso, a book which is part biography and part criticism of Pablo Picasso work and time. In it Stein claims l was alone at time in understanding him perhaps because I was expressing the same thing in literature. The comparison between Steins work in the period around Tender Buttons, the period of her literary portraiture, and cubist movement in painting that Picasso helped create has been a popular one in the history of her works critical reception. Hitler 67) These similarities in approach to art stem from their use of objects. Pablo Picasso famously depicts guitars into a line of artwork the same way Gertrude Stein depicts objects in Tender Buttons. Pablo Picasso guitars are a geometrical representation of the shapes associated with guitars but does not specifically look like a traditional guitar painted in a realistic way. Stein is multidimensional in her writing Just as Pablo Picasso is in his cubist artwork. Wendy Steiner describes the cubist forces behind Gertrude Steins writing and the intelligence that drives abstraction with a meaning that is more than Pamela Hades argues in her paper, Spreading the Difference: One Way to Read Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons: To think of history in a new way, not as a plotted narrative moving toward a resolution, but as a cubist painting whose elements maintain their heterogeneity-?objects people things, signs, the banal; the dramatic; the contemporaneous, the anachronism-?in the aesthetic structure of relations (Wilder 68). The innovation and versatility in Steins writing appears to be rooted in cubist philosophy. In This is This Dress, Eider we absolutely see what Wendy Steiner is describing by saying the heterogeneity in words. The word Eider has many possible connotations. Many believe Eider is a nickname for Alice; it can mean to aid her as in to help a girl; possibly a reference to the sexual disease AIDS and the spreading of this disease, maybe it is the British pronunciation of idea; or maybe its a noun for someone who is a helper. Each of these interpretations works and helps to add to the depths of her writing. The words she uses are picked one by one to create this meaning that is multidimensional. Jamie Wilder points out that because the word lends itself to many pronunciations the reader may begin to Just see a chain of teeters and these; possible pronunciations resist visualization in a manner similar to the way a cubist canvas resists organized viewing by exploiting intersecting planes and simultaneous perspectives, and eliminating the vanishing point (Wilder 70). The layers of her work make it no wonder that so many readers struggle with Tender Buttons so much. Each section of this work is its own picture intended to be looked at, sounded out, and interpreted through many perspectives. Even the title of Tender Buttons makes it clear that Gertrude Steins writing is concerned with more than what is simply on the surface. What is a tender button is it sexual; is it sensitive; is it beauty barely held together; or does it have to be one way in this Steins multidimensional writing? The magnitude that Gertrude Stein understood is amazing: If the movement takes place on the surface, then all things become equal (Hitler 75). She did not intend her work to be superficial. Gertrude Stein resisted traditional writing due to her interest of philosophical awareness. Stein expressed deep thought into the workings of the universe and life rejecting the scientific method because of its limits to popular perception. Gertrude Stein was not rely a traditional poet with structured boundaries that we can enclose her in like Pamela Hades proposes. Stein is a hybrid thinker that cant be put in a box because she is thinking outside of this box, this object becoming a true definition for modern artist. Gertrude Stein and her work in Tender Buttons is multidimensional and cannot be analyzed in textbook writing standards. Her writing provides more than a possible glimpse of what she experienced in her life and is more complex than Pamela Hades gives her credit for in the article, Spreading the Difference: One Way to Read Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons. Through philosophical understanding, range of magnitude in dimension and time, repetition, and other unique elements Gertrude Stein creates writing that is in many ways like cubist art.

Actions and Behavior of the President Essay Example For Students

Actions and Behavior of the President Essay The broad language of the second article of the Constitution left manyquestions about the power and authority of the President and the Executivebranch of the Federal Government. Since George Washington, each Chief Executivehas come to the position with different beliefs on the responsibility and powerof the President. However the performance of the president is often shaped byoutside factors which control how he must act as a Chief Executive. Thebehavior of presidents come from a number of different criteria. A presidentspersonal character, his approach to the position and circumstances during histerm all contribute to presidential behavior. Presidents have approached the office from two vague positions. Theyhave believed, to varying degrees, that either the president has a strongleadership position and broad powers to direct the nation in one direction, orthat the president has very limited powers dictated by the Constitution andshould act like a chief administrator for the Federal Government. These beliefswere reflected in their behavior while in the White House. Franklin Rooseveltbelieved that the Federal Government had an obligation and interest in bringingthe nation out of the depression. In order to do this he initiated a number ofagencies and projects to employ people. In the first Hundred Days ofRoosevelts first term he initiated a number of programs which increased thesize of the Federal Government and the power of the President. He did all thathe could to see that his proposals were put into place. This included a failedcourt packing scheme to have a more friendly Supreme Court to find his programsconstitutiona l (Lowi and Ginsberg230.) In contrast to this belief in broad presidential authority by FranklinRoosevelt was Howard Taft. Taft believed that Presidential authority was verylimited the constitution and had to be specifically granted to the President byCongress or the Constitution (Lowi and Ginsberg 220.) Another example of apassive approach to the presidency to is George Washington. While he is oftenseen as a very influential president, his position as the first Presidentrequire that he had to set many standards. In fact President Washington hopedthat the presidency would not be dominate. In his inaugural address he arguedfor a strong legislature which he received (Lowi and Ginsburg 227.) However,personal beliefs on the role of the president have been minor in the behavior ofa President. When required all Presidents have assumed power to quickly dealwith a situation. A Presidents personality and beliefs are also a factor in determininghis actions as a President. Barber argues that a persons personality is shapedby his character, world view, and style all of which are established atdifferent times in his life. He argues that a persons character is establishedearly in life, world view is shaped adolescence, and style in early adulthood. These broad areas of personality come together to establish a style ofleadership and presidential character. Barber goes on to establish fourcategories of Presidential Character which are; active-positive, active-negative,passive-positive, passive-negative. Jefferson was clearly an active-positivepresident who was proactive and enjoyed the power which he had. Barberexplains this by his Enlightenment education and good humor. Adams would fitinto his category of active-negative presidents who had a strong work ethic (aresult of his Puritan heritage) but a harsh disposition. Madison can be fitinto the place of passive-positive. He bowed to political pressure, but enjoyedhis position because of his past in framing and support for the Constitution. Finally a passive-negative president would be President Washington who was moreor less forced into the office. He hoped for stability in the new governmentand allowed others to take an active role in forming the institutions of thegovernment. His military background and obligation to perform community serviceexplain this approach to community service (Woll 291-300.)While Barber issuccessful is placing presidents into these categories, he gives very vagueexamples of character which explain their behavior as a president. It would bedifficult to successfully predict how future presidents would fit into hiscategories and they are too broad to explain behavior of presidents. .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .postImageUrl , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:hover , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:visited , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:active { border:0!important; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:active , .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075 .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29270ba7e2b40ffde3a8a9129d834075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lincolns Journey to Emancipation EssayPresidential behavior can also be seen in historical terms that thestature and power of the president has increased with the growth of the FederalGovernment. Since the early twentieth century through the present day theFederal Government has grown in scope and size with almost each President. Thisis also true with the United States in the area of international relations. Presidents in the last century have taken a much larger part in legislatureleadership because of the nature of their election process. Presidents such asReagan and Clinton ran on specific programs which they would implement. Reaganacted in an active legislative way by proposing a tax cut and increased militaryspending, both of which he achieved. Clinton tried to accomplish health carereform as well as welfare reform. Both of these types of legislative leadershipwere different from the actions of Madison who was viewed as a chief clerk(Lowi and Ginsburg 228.) Since Franklin Roosevelt the Federal Government hasprovided a wide array of services and regulations for the American public. Thishas resulted in a growth of the executive branch. The President has had toincrease his role in developing policy as leader of the executive branch. Thegrowth of the United States into a global power has also changed the behavior ofthe President. His almost complete control over foreign policy has made him themost powerful diplomat in the world. This explanation, however, only shows thedifference in the character of the office of the presidency in the past century. How each individual president fits into this pattern is left unexplained. The most important consideration in explaining presidential behavior isoutside circumstances and events. The nature of the office is for the presidentto be a reactionary on many different fronts. For the most part the legislationthat the president proposes is in response to a problem or concern by the publicor the media. The president must react to international events which may effectAmerican interests. Presidents who want to take a proactive approach toproblems are often bogged down with problems which derail their plans. President Kennedy was forced to devote most of his time to Cold War issuesduring his presidency than domestic affairs because he found himself in powerduring two of the biggest events of the Cold War. The failed Bay of PigsInvasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis forced Kennedy away from domestic issueswhich he promised to tackle. Hoovers presidency was completely derailedbecause of the depression. Lincoln focused himself completely at the task ofkeeping the Union, even if this meant blatant violations of civil liberties. While circumstances may dictate what a President must deal with, it does notnecessarily explain how he comes to a position on issues and deals with problems. The behavior of a President can only be explained as a combination ofmany factors. His personal politics and approach to the power of the Presidencywill explain if he will try to lead the whole government and beyond that thewhole nation, or if he will act as a clerk, putting into action the orders ofCongress. A Presidents character and style of leadership are an importantfactor in his approach to leadership. The size and duty of the FederalGovernment also effect a Presidents behavior and the priorities of his office. Finally a President must react to events at home and abroad which are out of hiscontrol. The pressures that these events and the public reaction to themprobably have the greatest influence over his behavior and decisions. Actions and behavior of a President are the result of a complex set ofcircumstances. No one criteria can be used to explain the behavior of thepresident in any event. Explaining actions on the basis of one criteria isfutile and should be reserved to talk radio hosts. Category: History

Analytical Writing-Essay Topics

Analytical Writing-Essay TopicsAnalytical writing is the art of asking questions. It is not a question without an answer. Many people say you should let your reader know what you believe in, but there are times when that isn't enough. There are times when you need to express the exact thoughts and feelings that flow through your head.Writing a good analytical essay is challenging and it requires a great deal of discipline. There are various areas that require creative writing. You can start with writing an analytical report to be used by executives to make business decisions. You can use this to explain to others what the business wants, how it operates, and what people have to do to keep up with the competition. This can be very useful information for employees, managers, and other business professionals.You may want to apply analytical writing for publishing an article on a new invention or at a conference. You will need to discuss the details of the product, what the drawbacks are , and the potential benefits. Analytical writing is a great way to present new ideas and information to a wider audience. You can summarize the information and present it in a way that will help more people understand it.You can share your thoughts about your own life, your work, or about the subject as a whole in such informative text. This essay writing is also a great way to remind others of important parts of a life and career. It also allows them to know you better so they can provide you with better service.Analytical essay topics include topics in business, the sciences, and personal topics. You can share stories about your own experiences, share about those of others, or talk about problems in your family or your community. Whatever your subject, you can present it in a way that will help people understand it. The results can be very enlightening. Analytical writing is not just telling people what you think or feeling, but it is also letting them know why you feel the way yo u do.Analytical writing is easier than it used to be, but you need to have good writing skills and time management skills to complete the assignment effectively. It is hard work, but if you do it right, it can be rewarding as well. You can do this type of writing for online publications, books, or as part of an educational curriculum.You can use analytical writing essay topics for school projects, academic writing, and presentation materials. You can also use this method to create a website or blog.

Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II

Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II The Battle of Monte Cassino was fought January 17 to May 18, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). Fast Facts: Battle of Monte Cassino Dates: January 17 to May 18, 1944, during  World War II  (1939-1945).Allies Armies and CommandersGeneral Sir Harold AlexanderLieutenant General Mark ClarkLieutenant General Oliver LeeseUS Fifth Army British Eighth ArmyGerman Armies and CommandersField Marshal Albert KesselringColonel General Heinrich von VietinghoffGerman 10th Army Background Landing in Italy in September 1943, Allied forces under General Sir Harold Alexander began pushing up the peninsula. Due to the Apennine Mountains, which run the length of Italy, Alexanders forces advanced on two fronts with the Lieutenant General Mark Clarks US Fifth Army on the east and Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Montgomerys British Eighth Army on the west. Allied efforts were slowed by poor weather, rough terrain, and a tenacious German defense. Slowly falling back through the fall, the Germans sought to buy time to complete the Winter Line south of Rome. Though the British succeeded in penetrating the line and capturing Ortona in late December, heavy snows prevented them from pushing west along Route 5 to reach Rome. Around this time, Montgomery departed for Britain to aid in planning the invasion of Normandy and was replaced by Lieutenant General Oliver Leese. To the west of the mountains, Clarks forces moved up Routes 6 and 7. The latter of these ceased to be usable as it ran along the coast and had been flooded at the Pontine Marshes. As a result, Clark was forced to use Route 6 which passed through the Liri Valley. The southern end of the valley was protected by large hills overlooking the town of Cassino and atop which sat the abbey of Monte Cassino. The area was further protected by the fast-flowing Rapido and Garigliano Rivers which ran west to east. Recognizing the defensive value of the terrain, the Germans built the Gustav Line section of the Winter Line through the area. Despite its military value, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring elected not to occupy the ancient abbey and informed the Allies and Vatican of this fact. First Battle Reaching the Gustav Line near Cassino on January 15, 1944, the US Fifth Army immediately began preparations to assault the German positions. Though Clark felt the odds of success were low, an effort needed to be made to support the Anzio landings which would occur further north on January 22. By attacking, it was hoped that German forces could be drawn south to allow Major General John Lucas US VI Corps to land and quickly occupy the Alban Hills in the enemy rear. It was thought that such a maneuver would compel the Germans to abandon the Gustav Line. Hampering Allied efforts was the fact the Clarks forces were tired and battered after a fighting their way north from Naples (Map). Moving forward on January 17, the British X Corps crossed the Garigliano River and attacked along the coast putting heavy pressure on the German 94th Infantry Division. Having some success, X Corps efforts forced Kesselring to send the 29th and 90th Panzer Grenadier Divisions south from Rome to stabilize the front. Lacking sufficient reserves, X Corps was unable to exploit their success. On January 20, Clark launched his main assault with the US II Corps south of Cassino and near San Angelo. Though elements of the 36th Infantry Division were able to cross the Rapido near San Angelo, they lacked armored support and remained isolated. Savagely counterattacked by German tanks and self-propelled guns, the men from the 36th Division were ultimately forced back. Four days later, an attempt was made north of Cassino by Major General Charles W. Ryders 34th Infantry Division with the goal of crossing the river and wheeling left to strike Monte Cassino. Crossing the flooded Rapido, the division moved into the hills behind the town and gained a foothold after eight days of heavy fighting. These efforts were supported by the French Expeditionary Corps to the north which captured Monte Belvedere and assaulted Monte Cifalco. Though the French were unable to take Monte Cifalco, the 34th Division, enduring incredibly harsh conditions, battled their way through the mountains towards the abbey. Among the issues faced by Allied forces were large areas of exposed ground and rocky terrain that precluded digging foxholes. Attacking for three days in early February, they were unable to secure the abbey or the neighboring high ground. Spent, II Corps was withdrawn on February 11. Second Battle With the removal of II Corps, Lieutenant General Bernard Freybergs New Zealand Corps moved forward. Pushed into planning a new assault to relieve pressure on the Anzio beachhead, Freyberg intended to continue the attack through mountains north of Cassino as well as advance up the railroad from the southeast. As planning moved forward, debate began among the Allied high command regarding the abbey of Monte Cassino. It was believed that German observers and artillery spotters were using the abbey for protection. Though many, including Clark, believed the abbey to be vacant, increasing pressure ultimately led Alexander to controversially order the building to be bombed. Moving forward on February 15, a large force of B-17 Flying Fortresses, B-25 Mitchells, and B-26 Marauders struck the historic abbey. German records later showed that their forces were not present, through the 1st Parachute Division moved into the rubble after the bombing. On the nights of February 15 and 16, troops from the Royal Sussex Regiment attacked positions in the hills behind Cassino with little success.  These efforts were hampered by friendly fire incidents involving Allied artillery due to the challenges of aiming accurately in the hills. Mounting his main effort on February 17, Freyberg sent forward the 4th Indian Division against German positions in the hills. In brutal, close-in fighting, his men were turned back by the enemy. To the southeast, 28th (MÄ ori) Battalion succeeded in crossing the Rapido and captured the Cassino railroad station. Lacking armor support as the river could not be spanned, they were forced back by German tanks and infantry on February 18. Though the German line had held, the Allies had come close to a breakthrough which concerned the commander of the German Tenth Army, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, who oversaw the Gustav Line. Third Battle Reorganizing, Allied leaders began planning a third attempt to penetrate the Gustav Line at Cassino. Rather than continue along previous avenues of advance, they devised a new plan which called for an assault on Cassino from the north as well as an attack south into the hill complex which would then turn east to assault the abbey. These efforts were to be preceded by intense, heavy bombing which would require three days of clear weather to execute.  As a result, the operation was postponed three weeks until the airstrikes could be executed. Moving forward on March 15, Freybergs men advanced behind a creeping bombardment. Though some gains were made, the Germans rallied quickly and dug in. In the mountains, Allied forces secured key points known Castle Hill and Hangmans Hill. Below, the New Zealanders had succeeded in taking the railroad station, though fighting in the town remained fierce and house-to-house. On March 19, Freyberg hoped to turn the tide with the introduction of the 20th Armoured Brigade. His assault plans were quickly spoiled when the Germans mounted heavy counterattacks on Castle Hill drawing in the Allied infantry. Lacking infantry support, the tanks were soon picked off one by one. The next day, Freyberg added the British 78th Infantry Division to the fray. Reduced to house to house fighting, despite the addition of more troops, Allied forces were unable to overcome the resolute German defense. On March 23, with his men exhausted, Freyberg halted the offensive. With this failure, Allied forces consolidated their lines and Alexander began devising a new plan for breaking the Gustav Line. Seeking to bring more men to bear, Alexander created Operation Diadem. This saw the transfer of the British Eighth Army across the mountains. Victory at Last Redeploying his forces, Alexander placed Clarks Fifth Army along the coast with II Corps and the French facing the Garigliano. Inland, Leeses XIII Corps and Lieutenant General Wladyslaw Anders 2nd Polish Corps opposed Cassino. For the fourth battle, Alexander desired II Corps to push up Route 7 towards Rome while the French attacked across the Garigliano and into the Aurunci Mountains on the west side of the Liri Valley. To the north, XIII Corps would attempt to force the Liri Valley, while the Poles circled behind Cassino and with orders to isolate the abbey ruins. Utilizing a variety of deceptions, the Allies were able to ensure that Kesselring was unaware of these troop movements (Map). Commencing at 11:00 PM on May 11 with a bombardment using over 1,660 guns, Operation Diadem saw Alexander attack on all four fronts. While II Corps met heavy resistance and made little headway, the French advanced quickly and soon penetrated the Aurunci Mountains before daylight. To the north, XIII Corps made two crossings of the Rapido. Encountering a stiff German defense, they slowly pushed forward while erecting bridges in their rear. This allowed supporting armor to cross which played a key role in the fighting. In the mountains, Polish attacks were met with German counterattacks. By late on May 12, XIII Corps bridgeheads continued to grow despite determined counterattacks by Kesselring. The next day, II Corps began to gain some ground while the French turned to strike the German flank in the Liri Valley. With his right wing wavering, Kesselring began pulling back to the Hitler Line, approximately eight miles to the rear.  On May 15, the British 78th Division passed through the bridgehead and began a turning movement to cut off the town from the Liri Valley. Two days later, the Poles renewed their efforts in the mountains. More successful, they linked up with the 78th Division early on May 18. Later that morning, Polish forces cleared the abbey ruins and hoisted Polish flag over the site. Aftermath Pressing up the Liri Valley, the British Eighth Army immediately attempted to break through the Hitler Line but was turned back. Pausing to reorganize, a major effort was made against the Hitler Line on May 23 in conjunction with a breakout from the Anzio beachhead. Both efforts were successful and soon the German Tenth Army was reeling and facing being surrounded. With VI Corps surging inland from Anzio, Clark shockingly ordered them to turn northwest for Rome rather than cut off and aid in the destruction of von Vietinghoff. This action may have been the result of Clarks concern that the British would enter the city first despite it being assigned to Fifth Army. Driving north, his troops occupied the city on June 4. Despite the success in Italy, the Normandy landings two days later transformed it into a secondary theater of the war. Selected Sources BBC: Battle of Monte CassinoHistory: Battle of Monte Cassino